Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. Nevertheless, this association was not shown when equol or isoflavones were consumed. In the end, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. Among these, vasomotor symptoms comprising hot flushes and night sweats are the most common and bothersome, which, in turn, have a negative impact on womens quality of life. Science is Knowledge Space & Physics The Effects of Moonlight May 22, 1858 Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific. This result has implications for granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded and restored coastal habitats. In the systematic review reported by Perna et al. Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with 21 case-control studies and two cohort studies, with a total number of 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls [77]. On the contrary, women who were already equol producers did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones. (2019) conducted a meta-analysis where 23 prospective studies with a total of 330,826 participants were included. In general terms, caution should be exercised with the use of high doses of isoflavones in women with a family history of breast cancer [49]. The authors declare no conflict of interest. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. The association between dietary isoflavones intake and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. In this study, five prospective cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis aimed at ovarian cancer, which affects women exclusively [74]. Barnes S. The biochemistry, chemistry and physiology of the isoflavones in soybeans and their food products. Moreover, sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) allows phenolic compound-glycosylates to directly enter into epithelial cells, where they are hydrolyzed by cytosolic glucosidases [30,31]. Tamura A., Shiomi T., Hachiya S., Shigematsu N., Hara H. Low activities of intestinal lactase suppress the early phase absorption of soy isoflavones in Japanese adults. In conclusion, this study reported some evidence that suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast cancer risk. In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues, such as the amount of moonlight. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. In a more recent systematic review, including two meta-analyses, as well as one multicenter and randomized controlled trial, Chen and his team concluded that isoflavones reduced lumbar spine bone mineral density loss [53]. In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. Kim Y., Je Y. Flavonoid intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all causes: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. The authors reported that neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Daily et al. Regarding breast cancer (Table 4), the same increase in soy isoflavone intake (10 mg/day) was related to a 9% lower risk of breast cancer mortality. (2020) carried out their meta-analysis of 63 controlled trials, including 6427 postmenopausal women and concluded that isoflavones improve bone density at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and the distal radius in menopausal women [50]. However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. While equol production seems to be similar in animals, it is very variable in humans [41], and therefore, beneficial effects referred to equol have been observed only in individuals with a specific microbiota composition [38]. The authors suggested that this difference could be due to different genetic backgrounds and dietary patterns among Asian and Western populations. Atkinson C., Frankenfeld C.L., Lampe J.W. In contrast, the effects on bone resorption biomarkers were more favorable in overweight or obese women than in women with a healthy weight. Ronis M.J., Little J.M., Barone G.W., Chen G., Radominska-Pandya A., Badger T.M. In the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. The .gov means its official. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. As in the previous study, the onset of soy isoflavones was very slow in comparison with other non-hormonal treatments. He X., Sun L.M. Some gardening folklore suggests that planting crops according to the phases of the moon will give you a better harvest, but there is little scientific evidence to back this up. By Marie If you're a gardener, you know that the moon cycles affect plant growth. Thus, whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption of >30 mg/day, Western populations consume <1 mg/day [83]. They observed that daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a significant reduction of prostate cancer risk. Karr S.C., Lampe J.W., Hutchins A.M., Slavin J.L. As in the case of other phenolic compounds, genistein and daidzein undergo phase II xenobiotic metabolism, mainly glucuronidation and sulfation reactions at 4and/or 7 positions of the isoflavone ring [34,35]. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites, which are produced by plants as a defense mechanism against infection, water stress, cold stress, ultraviolet radiation and high visible light, among others [1,2]. government site. In contrast, red clover was not associated with changes in the hot flush frequency. (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. Lu L.J., Anderson K.E. Rienks J., Barbaresko J., Nthlings U. Importantly, the soy variety, environmental conditions of the culture and the processing of soybeans notably influence their isoflavone content [18]. For this purpose, 23 studies with 2167 patients were included in this meta-analysis, which showed that a daily dose of more than 54 mg could decrease the endometrial thickness in North American women, whereas the contrary effect was observed in the Asian sample. Isoflavones Biosynthesis, Occurence and Health Effects. Isoflavones (high dose: 0.675.5 mg/day; and low dose: 0.0120.1 mg/day). Applegate C.C., Rowles J.L., Ranard K.M., Jeon S., Erdman J.W. Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products. Akhlaghi M., Ghasemi Nasab M., Riasatian M., Sadeghi F. Soy isoflavones prevent bone resorption and loss, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This chemical feature confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects to isoflavones, depending on the cell type and the binding to - or -estrogen receptors. Moreover, five studies reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. Proof by rational experiment seems to have been. Micek A., Godos J., Brzostek T., Gniadek A., Favari C., Mena P., Libra M., Del Rio D., Galvano F., Grosso G. Dietary phytoestrogens and biomarkers of their intake in relation to cancer survival and recurrence: A comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis. (2020) carried out a meta-analysis with 15 cohort studies with the aim of exploring the association between isoflavone intake (<62.7 mg/day) and breast cancer mortality and its recurrence [68]. (2018), 30 articles were included for analysis; 15 of them were case-control studies, eight cohort studies and seven nested case-control studies [76]. Only one study examined the effects of red clover on night sweats, and a significant association was found, which showed a decreased frequency in night sweats. In the last few decades, scientific evidence has stressed the importance of plants in the prevention and/or supportive treatment of a plethora of diseases, many of them chronic, age-associated disorders. (2018) analyzed 12 studies with 37,275 women with breast cancer and reported that soy isoflavone consumption at a pre-diagnosis stage might have a small effect on the survival of postmenopausal women with breast cancer [69]. Acid rain also removes minerals and nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow. Produced metabolites appear in plasma at variable concentrations and can enter enterohepatic circulation [28]. In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. Perez-Cornago A., Appleby P.N., Boeing H., Gil L., Kyr C., Ricceri F., Murphy N., Trichopoulou A., Tsilidis K.K., Khaw K.T., et al. They found that the use of dietary isoflavones or supplements and extracts was associated with an improvement in hot flushes, but not with a reduction in the frequency of night sweats. . The Effects and Action Mechanisms of Phytoestrogens on Vasomotor Symptoms During Menopausal Transition: Thermoregulatory Mechanism. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Saloniemi H., Whl K., Nyknen-Kurki P., Kallela K., Saastamoinen I. Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder. PV panels have been linked . With regard to the published meta-analysis, the studies included were restricted to randomized controlled trials. You et al. Postprandial lipemia detects the effect of soy protein on cardiovascular disease risk compared with the fasting lipid profile. Taken as a whole, all these results suggest that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Interestingly, in a study conducted by Tamura et al., the authors observed that in individuals without the LPH enzyme, the concentration of isoflavones and derived metabolites was similar to that found in individuals without an enzyme deficiency. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. This is mainly due to their potential adverse effects, which range from increased coronary heart disease to stroke and cancer [53,85]. Considering the isoflavone chemical structure, potential health adverse effects of these compounds related to their estrogenic activity have been postulated, despite the scientific opinion offered by EFSA indicating that isoflavone intake was safe. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Hua X., Yu L., You R., Yang Y., Liao J., Chen D. Association among Dietary Flavonoids, Flavonoid Subclasses and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. When a group receiving hormone replacement therapy was included in the study, significant differences between the effects of hormone replacement therapy and soy were found, being the effect of the former superior to that of isoflavones. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Yan Z., Zhang X., Li C., Jiao S., Dong W. Association between consumption of soy and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Simental-Menda L.E., Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro M., Sahebkar A. No association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk with the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary isoflavone intake, 30252 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women/report (1753 in total), Reduction of hot flush frequency (vs. placebo), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. estradiol), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. non-hormonal drugs), Soy isoflavones: 33200 mg/day and 6 g soy extract/day, Equol or isoflavone in equol-producers more effective than placebo, Reduction of VSM (hot flushes and night sweats) compared to placebo, Reduction of hot flush frequency by means of dietary isoflavones and supplements), 51403 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Beneficial effects of isoflavones (vs. placebo), 40403 menopausal and postmenopausal women. For their meta-analysis, Jiang et al. Isoflavones were the phytoestrogens used in most of the studies; therefore, the meta-analysis only included outcomes regarding isoflavones, while outcomes with other phytoestrogens were not included. Moreover, the number of publications grouping women according to pre- or post-diagnosis intake criteria is small. Ten studies reported a significant reduction in hot flush frequency in the phytoestrogen group when compared with the placebo group. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, although further studies are needed to confirm these results. As in the Phytoestrogen group when compared with the placebo group could be due different. 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