/TT2 244 0 R /Parent 3 0 R "Electronic communication" includes transmissions by a computer through the Internet to another computer. /K [374 0 R 375 0 R 376 0 R 377 0 R 378 0 R 379 0 R 380 0 R 381 0 R] /S /P Although there are often existing laws that prohibit stalking or harassment in a general sense, legislators sometimes believe that such laws are inadequate or do not go far enough, and thus bring forward new legislation to address this perceived shortcoming. << /Type /Page /Pg 18 0 R endobj >> Spitzberg, B. H., & Hoobler, G. (2002). /K 6 /Font << /TT0 243 0 R /S /Footnote endobj /TT1 245 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /S /P 30 0 obj 101 0 obj /Annots [340 0 R 341 0 R] /P 9 0 R /Kids [23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R] /K [21 444 0 R 40 445 0 R 42 446 0 R 44] << << /Pg 28 0 R /Resources << >> /S /P /Rotate 0 endobj /Annots [259 0 R 260 0 R 261 0 R 262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R] /Pg 28 0 R << causes, attempts to cause, or would be reasonably expected to cause substantial emotional distress to a person described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of paragraph (1)(A). >> /Type /Page >> >> /Annots [317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R] /S /P >> /Pg 16 0 R << << 80 0 obj /ColorSpace << [10] In another California case, in which a student was harassed after posting personal information online, the court found that threatening posts were not protected speech. >> << /P 9 0 R 433 0 R null 428 0 R 88 0 R 429 0 R 88 0 R 430 0 R 88 0 R] (2008). 493 0 R null 494 0 R null 495 0 R null 623 0 R 624 0 R 496 0 R 124 0 R /K [1 382 0 R 28 383 0 R 30] 2006Pub. 82 0 obj endobj /Pg 30 0 R /S /P /Pg 19 0 R >> WebPrvn pedpisy o kyberstalkingu - Cyberstalking legislation Kybernetick pronsledovn a kyberikana jsou relativn novmi jevy, ale to neznamen, e zloiny spchan prostednictvm st nelze trestat podle legislativy navren k tomuto elu. /S /P /Pg 20 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] << << As in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Missouri, the Prince case led to stricter anti-bullying legislation in Massachusetts.[22]. /Pg 21 0 R 178 0 obj << 72 0 obj 60 0 obj WebCyberstalking Laws. /P 9 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /S /P << /Contents 316 0 R Cyber stalking: An analysis of online harassment and intimidation. /Font << /P 9 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] WebThis chapter advises that all governments should enact new laws that specifically target electronic stalking activities. >> /TT0 243 0 R /P 9 0 R >> << << /Annotation /Span /StructParents 8 /P 9 0 R >> /StructParents 1 endobj << /P 9 0 R << UNCTAD - Palais des Nations, 8-14, Av. /Pg 27 0 R 7, 2013, see section 4 of Pub. WebCyberstalking is examined with respect to its nature and extent; the steps that law enforcement, industry, victim groups, and others are currently taking to address the problem; the adequacy of current Federal and State laws; and recommendations to improve efforts to address this increasing problem. /Author (Svdraa) /S /P >> >> Finally, individuals should become informed about the dangers of the Internet and ways to protect their privacy while using the Internet. Opponents point out that harassment on college campuses is already prohibited under existing laws; furthermore, they point out that harassment based on sexual orientation is also covered under existing statutes. 2011-02-16T10:29:38+01:00 << /P 9 0 R >> /K 2 << /S /Footnote 128 0 obj /S /P /S /Footnote << /S /P /K 4 /Parent 7 0 R >> /Pg 32 0 R /Pg 32 0 R /S /P /P 9 0 R 187 0 obj /ParentTree 10 0 R endobj 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R endobj 13 0 obj /S /P << >> [52], International law emphasizes a supranational concept related to cybercrime. >> 109 563 0 R 110 564 0 R 111 565 0 R 112 632 0 R 113 634 0 R A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. endobj /P 9 0 R 120 0 obj /K [7 388 0 R 40] endobj Florida also has an aggravated cyberstalking law. /Pg 29 0 R /Rotate 0 endobj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 22 0 R endobj Some U.S. states have begun to address the problem of cyberbullying. endobj 114 0 obj >> /S /P /P 9 0 R endobj /K [2 403 0 R 33 404 0 R 35 405 0 R 37 406 0 R 39] In the case of United States v. Baker, for example, an undergraduate at the University of Michigan was charged with crimes related to snuff stories he had posted on Internet newsgroups, stories that named one of his fellow students. Cyberstalkers can use chat rooms to slander and endanger their victims. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] endobj /Pg 29 0 R 2020Pub. A 2006 National Crime Prevention Council survey found that some 40% of teens had experienced cyberbullying at some point in their lives, making the problem particularly widespread. /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] Texas enacted the Stalking by Electronic Communications Act in 2001. /S /P In 2008, Florida passed the "Jeffrey Johnston Stand Up For All Students Act" in response to the suicide of 15-year-old Jeffrey Johnston, who had suffered cyberbullying over a long period of time. endobj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R /S /P [42] One of the oft-cited arguments against the bill comes from talk radio, with the concern expressed being that the law would be used to silence political opponents who use the airwaves to espouse divergent viewpoints. >> << /TT1 245 0 R Online stalkers have been known to post insulting messages on electronic bulletin boards signed with the e-mail address of the person being harassed. /S /P LockA locked padlock << /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 17 0 R >> /K 5 /P 9 0 R >> [12][13], That said, true threats are not considered to be protected speech. << /P 9 0 R /Parent 7 0 R /P 9 0 R >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj /P 9 0 R << << /K 3 /StructParents 2 << endobj 67 0 obj /Pg 27 0 R /Resources << /Parent 8 0 R 116 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /S /P << >> /S /Footnote /Pg 27 0 R L. 115334, title XII, 12502(a)(1). /Pg 22 0 R /S /P 86 0 obj >> >> /Pg 30 0 R >> /S /P Cyberstalking can result in a lifelong prison sentence if the actions resulted in the victims death. A study on cyberstalking: Understanding investigative hurdles. 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R 204 0 R] /Type /Page /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R << 143 0 R 542 0 R 143 0 R 543 0 R 143 0 R 544 0 R 144 0 R] >> 39 0 obj << >> null 557 0 R null 558 0 R null 559 0 R null 560 0 R null 561 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R /P 9 0 R This article explores the definition of stalking and cyberstalking and clarifies their similarities and differences and analyze the prevalence of cyberstalking in modern society. /P 9 0 R endobj endobj /S /P WebSection 127 can be used as an alternative offence to such crimes for example as hate crime (including race, religion, disability, homophobic, sexual orientation, and transphobic crime), hacking offences, cyber bullying, cyber stalking, amongst others. 174 0 obj /S /P /K 8 3 [62 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R null 393 0 R null 394 0 R null 395 0 R null /S /P 181 0 obj 42 404 0 R 43 405 0 R 44 406 0 R 45 407 0 R 46 413 0 R Chat-line users may capture, store, and transmit communications to others outside the chat service. Under this statute, cyberstalking includes harassment through the use of electronic communications as well as accessing or attempting to access the online accounts or internet-connected home electronic systems of another person without that persons /Outline /Span In the United States, cyberstalking is a crime, however; legislation defining cyberstalking and cyberbullying is lacking at the federal level. As such, its generally criminalized under U.S. harassment, anti-stalking, and slander laws. << /S /P << /Resources << 73 0 obj 89 514 0 R 90 516 0 R 91 517 0 R 92 524 0 R 93 525 0 R 120 0 R 484 0 R 120 0 R 485 0 R 121 0 R 486 0 R 121 0 R] /P 9 0 R << /Parent 7 0 R /P 9 0 R /Parent 8 0 R /Annots [275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R] /P 9 0 R 27 0 obj >> >> [32] Unusual among state laws regarding cyberbullying is a provision that withholds funding for schools who are not in compliance with the provision that they must inform parents of those involved in cyberbullyingboth the bully and the target. /Pg 32 0 R 144 0 obj /S /P >> /P 9 0 R endobj endobj >> >> 161 0 obj >> [40] III. [37] In 2021, the senate introduced two bills at the aim of addressing cyberharassment, the first of which, Senate Bill (SB) 5881, which was mainly aimed at preventing doxing, led to the same free speech concerns as the existing cyberstalking laws. In addition to imprisonment, the court may also order the alleged offender to pay a $250,000 fine. endobj /Rotate 0 /K 3 /ColorSpace << endobj /Pg 26 0 R >> << 4 0 obj /ColorSpace << /Count 21 Assembly, Senate pass 'Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights' in wake of Tyler Clementi's death", "Stronger Anti-Bullying Bill Approved By Committee", "Grieving family by his side, governor signs legislation", Current and pending cyberstalking-related United States federal and state laws, Despite Laws, Stalkers Roam On the Internet, Cyberstalking garnering more serious response, Man convicted of cyberstalking to undergo psychiatric evaluation before sentencing, "Mom's Campaign for Florida Anti-Bully Law Finally Pays Off - ABC News", "Cyber Bullying Illegal: Mass. /Contents 280 0 R /S /P << endobj 79 496 0 R 80 497 0 R 81 498 0 R 82 499 0 R 83 500 0 R /Pg 27 0 R 58 0 obj /P 9 0 R An early example, the Violence Against Women Act, passed in 2000, included cyberbullying in a part of interstate status on harassment. The U.S. Federal Government has passed a number of important pieces of legislation that can be used to prosecute cyberstalkers, although as this chapter indicates, none are comprehensive, and all contain loopholes. /Pg 13 0 R endobj WebCaselaw Access Project cases. Retrieved October 14, 2019, from. /Parent 7 0 R >> /S /P /ColorSpace << Google Scholar Eck J. E., Weisburd D. (1995). << Cyberstalking a child under the age of 16 or a person of any age for which the offender has been ordered by the courts not to contact is considered "aggravated stalking," a third degree felony under Florida law. >> /StructParents 0 << >> /Rotate 0 endobj << >> /S /P >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] Under U.S. federal law, someone commits the felony of stalking if that person: places another person in reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury to him- or herself, his or her immediate family member, or spouse or intimate partner. /P 9 0 R /Pg 14 0 R /K [2 418 0 R 19] D:20110216092838 Cyberstalkers often have a sophisticated knowledge of computers and the Internet and can "mask" their intimidating e-mails to victims to disguise their origin. /K 7 << /Rotate 0 /Pg 31 0 R 173 0 obj /K 26 << 207 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /Resources << /Type /Page /Pg 19 0 R >> In the US, in practice, there is little legislative difference between the concepts of "cyberbullying" and "cyberstalking." /K [5 510 0 R 23 511 0 R 25 512 0 R 27 513 0 R 29 514 0 R >> /Resources << endobj /Resources << /S /P /K 9 8 [105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R null 454 0 R null 455 0 R /Pg 30 0 R endobj /S /Footnote /P 9 0 R >> << >> /P 9 0 R Specific laws against cyber stalking to be illegal in a state or territory, c. Specific laws against cyber stalking in that nation d. Nothing, existing stalking laws can apply /Font << >> 168 0 obj /S /P Prior to amendment, text read as follows: Whoever travels across a State line or within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States with the intent to injure or harass another person, and in the course of, or as a result of, such travel places that person in reasonable fear of the death of, or serious bodily injury (as defined in section 1365(g)(3) of this title) to, that person or a member of that persons immediate family (as defined in section 115 of this title) shall be punished as provided in section 2261 of this title.. /StructParents 10 /Pg 22 0 R 62 0 obj /K 12 33 0 obj /K 16 /Type /Page << endobj 37 390 0 R 38 391 0 R 39 392 0 R 40 402 0 R 41 403 0 R 199 0 obj /P 9 0 R /Pg 25 0 R Particularly in instances where there are no laws explicitly against cyberbullying, it is not uncommon for defendants to argue that their conduct amounts to an exercise of their freedom of speech. /Contents 349 0 R /Pg 22 0 R /Pg 13 0 R /P 9 0 R /K [1 562 0 R 26 563 0 R 28] /TT0 243 0 R [11] The state of North Carolina invalidated such a law in State v. /S /P 221 0 obj /S /P null 519 0 R null 520 0 R null 521 0 R null 522 0 R null 523 0 R /S /Footnote /Pg 25 0 R /ColorSpace << /Rotate 0 endobj uuid:271fb036-f088-4ba0-9cbc-b0d52ee3eb8a /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R /S /P /P 9 0 R /Pg 30 0 R 93 0 obj 152 0 obj /Pg 30 0 R However, this distinction is one of semantics, and many laws treat bullying and stalking as much the same issue. 81 0 obj /S /P endobj /TT0 243 0 R A, title X, 1069(a), Pub. << /S /P /TT0 243 0 R 61 0 R] 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R /Annots [249 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R] /ColorSpace << /K 1 /K 9 0 R << Cyber Crimes against Women in India: Problems, Perspectives and Solutions. /S /P 90 0 obj endobj /Pg 14 0 R endobj /S /P 145 0 obj /Resources << /S /P >> /Pg 19 0 R 76 0 obj /Rotate 0 /Pg 14 0 R << /TT1 244 0 R 198 0 obj to make someone else afraid or concerned about their safety [1]. /S /P >> 2011-02-16T10:29:38+01:00 << [41] >> /Pg 27 0 R >> << /S /P /Pg 30 0 R /Resources << /Resources << /TT0 243 0 R endobj /Annots [246 0 R 247 0 R] /StructTreeRoot 4 0 R >> Federal Criminal Cyberstalking Statutes [13] Both section 2261A(2) and section 875(c) are federal criminal statutes used to prosecute cyberstalking cases. << /Count 10 >> /P 9 0 R << >> /P 9 0 R >> 167 0 obj << >> In 2013, Indian Parliament made amendments to the Indian Penal Code, introducing cyberstalking as a criminal offence. >> << << /Pg 18 0 R Cyber stalking generally involves unwarranted, repeated and threatening conduct of the offender via the Internet or social media platforms, which causes fear, distress or alarm to the victim. null 407 0 R 66 0 R 413 0 R 74 0 R 414 0 R 74 0 R 415 0 R 75 0 R 416 0 R 55 0 obj /K [476 0 R 477 0 R 478 0 R 479 0 R 480 0 R 481 0 R] /TT2 244 0 R /S /P >> This is equally true when dealing with cyberbullying. /K 17 >> /Producer (Adobe PDF Library 9.0) 166 0 obj /Type /Pages L. 115334, 12502(a)(1)(A), added cl. 31 0 obj >> /Annots [357 0 R] >> << Petrocelli, J.: Cyber stalking. /K [33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R /TextBox /Art >> /P 9 0 R 9 620 0 R 205 0 obj endobj << /P 9 0 R >> >> endobj /P 9 0 R endobj endobj 195 0 obj Great Britain had its first cyberstalking conviction in 1999 when a Cambridge graduate was prosecuted in 1999 for harassment by e-mail. 97 0 obj << << This is the Convention on Cybercrime, signed by the Council of Europe in Budapest on November 23, 2001. /Font << /S /P endobj /S /P 61 0 obj 112 0 obj >> 139 0 obj 36 0 obj /K 1 [47] Furthermore, the bill addresses not just student-to-student harassment, but also harassment of students by faculty or staff as well. /Pg 31 0 R /K 4 /Rotate 0 ;.d.CLX2Xs?hwn;.q`oG{cO`&>x!] _lX ^a%o>/$Cjn(sNWb8NqwhC_g9YnKJG`dUGu=_Gs;|=|QUw d5hdUgkgD}bqIVIC';*',~dc@cU)anUaABGFpzr?Em-Mz~n.MO`O\{|{otxWUb\LWk9Y P-3cV~'t&, International (cyber)stalking: impediments to investigation and prosecution. /K [8 371 0 R 372 0 R 373 0 R] /Pg 24 0 R 70 0 obj Webenacted their anti-stalking laws in 1997 in the form of the Protection from Harassment Act (PHA) 1997 and the New Zealand Harassment Act 1997 respectively. /S /P /TT1 245 0 R /TT0 243 0 R /ColorSpace << null 360 0 R null 361 0 R null 362 0 R null 363 0 R null 359 0 R /K [504 0 R 505 0 R 506 0 R 507 0 R 508 0 R 509 0 R] New Media & Society, 4(1), 71-92. /S /P /Contents 342 0 R /Type /Page /P 9 0 R << 30 383 0 R 31 384 0 R] North Carolina State Supreme Court Strikes Down Cyberbullying Statute. /K 3 /InlineShape /Figure /P 9 0 R 31] /S /P endobj Distributing intimate images and videos without the consent of the person in them is a common form of cyberbullying. /S /P /P 9 0 R << /K [4 424 0 R 21] >> /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /K 8 << Explanation : Cyberstalking involves using electronic means, including the Internet, to stalk or harass a person or group of people. /Resources << << /P 9 0 R 203 0 obj /S /Footnote endobj /Pg 13 0 R /S /P Cyberbullying and cyberstalking, by their nature, define adversarial relationships. >> >> For example, a student in California who was suspended from school based on cyberbullying claims took the school district to court, citing a breach of her First Amendment rights; the court agreed with the student and found the school district had overstepped its authority. >> /Pg 30 0 R >> WebInstead of laws specifically covering cyberstalking and cyberharassment, most countries use stalking and/or harassment laws to prosecute the perpetrators of these cybercrimes. endobj /TT1 244 0 R << >> Thus, something that may be deemed cyberbullying at first glance may, in fact, be more akin to something like parody or similar. << >> /Pg 19 0 R 132 0 obj 69 0 obj /K 5 /K [7 413 0 R 24 414 0 R 26] 20 [204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 581 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R /Pg 32 0 R /S /P /P 9 0 R endobj 171 0 obj /TT0 243 0 R 1-1-09; 95-984, eff. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /P 9 0 R >> << /Limits [64 115] << /K 0 Cybercrimes are a relatively new area of law, and regulations continue to evolve. /S /P /ModDate (D:20110216102938+01'00') 497 0 R 124 0 R 498 0 R 124 0 R 499 0 R 125 0 R 500 0 R 125 0 R] endobj << /S /P /Type /Page What is Cyberstalking? It is a specific federal crime and falls under a federal stalking statute as part of the Violence Against Women Act of 2005. The law was amended in 2013 to include stalking by the Internet or by telephone and no longer requires that the perpetrator and victim live in different legal jurisdictions. endobj endobj 95 0 obj Par. endobj << << /P 9 0 R endobj %PDF-1.5 183 0 obj 146 0 obj 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R /P 9 0 R << 24 0 obj /Resources << >> Cyberstalking: A new challenge for law enforcement and industry. << << endobj << Cyber Crime Law in India: Has Law Kept Pace with Emerging Trends? Law Order 165 0 obj /Font << endobj /K [7 528 0 R] /K [2 467 0 R 36] /P 9 0 R >> >> /TT1 245 0 R endobj /K [2 581 0 R 4] endobj An Empirical Study. /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] endobj >> /Pg 26 0 R /P 9 0 R [30], Under Florida Statute 784.048, "cyberstalking," defined as to engage in a course of conduct to communicate, or to cause to be communicated, words, images, or language by or through the use of electronic mail or electronic communication, directed at a specific person, causing substantial emotional distress to that person and serving no legitimate purpose, is classified as a first degree misdemeanor. )[25] Its first use resulted in a six-year sentence for a man who harassed a woman who could identify him. /P 9 0 R 122 0 obj >> More technologically sophisticated e-mail harassers send "mail bombs," which fill a person's mailbox with hundreds or even thousands of unwanted messages in the hope of making the account useless. null 408 0 R null 409 0 R null 410 0 R null 411 0 R null 412 0 R /K 5 /K 5 /Pg 22 0 R /K 6 << 424 0 R 81 0 R 425 0 R 82 0 R 426 0 R 82 0 R 427 0 R 82 0 R] >> /Font << /S /Footnote /Underline /Span /Pg 30 0 R 105 0 R 465 0 R 106 0 R 466 0 R 106 0 R 467 0 R 107 0 R 468 0 R 108 0 R 469 0 R application/pdf /P 9 0 R >> /K [1 496 0 R 19 497 0 R 21 498 0 R 23] /Resources << /Pg 32 0 R /P 9 0 R << /P 9 0 R /Rotate 0 endobj 99 532 0 R 100 541 0 R 101 542 0 R 102 543 0 R 103 544 0 R >> << /ColorSpace << << 115 0 obj 142 0 obj 151 0 obj /K [0 407 0 R 22] /ColorSpace << << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> >> endobj 17 0 obj endobj /SourceModified (D:20110216092838) << null 516 0 R 133 0 R 517 0 R 133 0 R 524 0 R 135 0 R 525 0 R 135 0 R 526 0 R >> /P 9 0 R << This website contains the federal and individual state laws on cyberstalking. >> << endobj /Kids [219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R] endobj /S /P endobj << endobj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj [14], Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union have taken the view that cyberbullying is an overly expansive term, and that the First Amendment protects all speech, even the reprehensible; this protection would extend to the Internet. Halder, D. & Jaishankar, K. (2008). << [33], As noted previously, in 2008 Missouri revised its statutes on harassment to include harassment and stalking through electronic and telephonic communications and cyber-bullying after the suicide of Megan Meier.[34]. /Pg 17 0 R /P 9 0 R << /Type /Page << >> >> << /P 9 0 R /Count 5 52 0 obj << >> Cyberstalking laws in the United States, both federal and state, support victims of all ages, however some sites focus on those laws that protect victims under the age of 18. /TT2 245 0 R /Kids [6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R] /Annots [310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R] endobj (Source: P.A. /StructParents 14 endobj (2)(A). Cyberstalking has been illegal since 2011. /Pg 28 0 R endobj [26] After sending hundreds of threatening e-mails to an actress, another male convicted after spending months in jail waiting for trial was sentenced in 2001 to five years probation, forbidden access to computers and forced to attend mental health counseling. /K 14 >> >> << /Comments () 209 0 obj endobj /Pg 32 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R /S /P /Pg 25 0 R Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. 9 0 obj /S /P Others send electronic viruses that can infect the victim's files. [24] (646.9 of the California Penal Code. ] > > /S /P Others send Electronic viruses that can infect the victim files! And endanger their victims K. 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